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Clinical Trial NCT07237828 (DRAIN) for Breast Cancer is not yet recruiting. See the Trial Radar Card View and AI discovery tools for all the details. Or ask anything here.
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Drain Removal on Postoperative Safety and Patient Satisfaction in R-E-NSM With Prepectoral DIBR (DRAIN) 379 Randomized

Not yet recruiting
Clinical Trial NCT07237828 (DRAIN) is an interventional study for Breast Cancer and is currently not yet recruiting. Enrollment is planned to begin on 1 December 2025 and continue until the study accrues 379 participants. Led by Du Zhenggui, this study is expected to complete by 30 June 2032. The latest data from ClinicalTrials.gov was last updated on 20 November 2025.
Brief Summary
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens the health of women, with an increasing incidence rate. The current main treatment methods include multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy, among which surgery is the key. Postoperative care is also very important. Traditional breast surgery requires long-term placement of drainage tubes af...Show More
Detailed Description
This study is a multicenter, open, randomized controlled trial. Prior to group allocation, participants were stratified by axillary lymph node dissection. The proportion of patients undergoing axillary lymph node dissection is 25%, while the proportion of patients not undergoing axillary lymph node dissection is 75%. Following stratification, participants within each stratum were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to the inte...Show More
Official Title

Drainage Removal After Reverse-Sequence Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy With Direct-to-Implant Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction on Postoperative Safety and Patient Satisfaction : A National Multicenter, Open, Randomized Controlled Study

Conditions
Breast Cancer
Publications
Scientific articles and research papers published about this clinical trial:
Other Study IDs
  • DRAIN
  • 2025(440)
NCT ID Number
Start Date (Actual)
2025-12-01
Last Update Posted
2025-11-20
Completion Date (Estimated)
2032-06-30
Enrollment (Estimated)
379
Study Type
Interventional
PHASE
N/A
Status
Not yet recruiting
Keywords
Breast Cancer
Minimal invasive surgery
Nipple-sparing mastectomy
Endoscopic surgery
Primary Purpose
Treatment
Design Allocation
Randomized
Interventional Model
Parallel
Masking
None (Open Label)
Arms / Interventions
Participant Group/ArmIntervention/Treatment
ExperimentalIntervention group
Remove drainage tubes on postoperative day 5
Drain Removal Timing After Endoscopic Breast Reconstruction Surgery
The optimal timing for earlier or later removal of drainage tubes after endoscopic breast reconstruction surgery.
No InterventionControl group
Remove drainage tubes when the daily drainage volume is less than 30 ml/day for two consecutive days after surgery.
N/A
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome MeasureMeasure DescriptionTime Frame
Aesthetic outcome evaluation--BREAST-Q scores
The Satisfaction with Breasts module of BREAST-Q questionnaire is utilized to assess patient-reported aesthetic outcomes. Transformed scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes. Both raw questionnaire scores and standardized transformed scores will be documented, along with pre- to postoperative differences in transformed scores
Preoperative (baseline), 3-month postoperative
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome MeasureMeasure DescriptionTime Frame
Drainage tube indwelling duration
The duration of drainage tube indwelling refers to the total time from the postoperative insertion of the drainage tube to its removal, measured in days
Perioperative
Quality of Life--EORTC Quality of Life scores
EORTC Scores are a series of questionnaires developed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of cancer patients. These questionnaires are widely used in clinical trials and clinical practice to help evaluate treatment outcomes and patients' quality of life. The scoring range is from 0 to 100. A higher score in the functional domains indicates better functioning, while a higher score in the symptom domains indicates more severe symptoms.
14 days postoperative and 3 months postoperative
wound care
The differences in the number of dressing changes and wound care procedures.
3 months postoperative
Complications
Skin flap thermal injury, skin flap ischemia/necrosis, nipple and areola complex(NAC) ischemia/necrosis, surgical site infection, incision dehiscence, surgical site bleeding or hematoma, seroma needing repeated aspiration or drain reinsertion, capsular contracture, prosthesis outline appearance, rippling, implant displacement, implant loss, readmission
3 months, 1 year and 2 years postoperative
Aesthetic outcome evaluation--BREAST-Q scores
The Satisfaction with Breasts module of BREAST-Q questionnaire is utilized to assess patient-reported aesthetic outcomes. Transformed scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes. Both raw questionnaire scores and standardized transformed scores will be documented, along with pre- to postoperative differences in transformed scores
2 years postoperative
Quality of Life--BREAST-Q scores
The Psychosocial Well-Being, Sexual Well-Being, and Physical Well-Being of the Chest modules of BREAST-Q questionnaire are used to evaluate quality of life (QoL) outcomes. Transformed scores range from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better outcomes. Both raw questionnaire scores and standardized transformed scores will be recorded, along with pre- to postoperative differences in transformed scores
Preoperative (baseline), 3 months and 2 years postoperative
Surgical margin involvement
Surgical margin involvement was defined as ink on tumor on postoperative paraffin-embedded pathological examination
2-3 weeks postoperative after paraffin-embedded pathological report available
The total volume of drainage
The volume of drainage refers to the total amount of fluid drained from the time of tube placement to the time of tube removal, measured in milliliters.
Perioperative
Aesthetic outcome evaluation--Harris score
The Harris score was used to record the subjective judgment of symmetry of the reconstructed breast compared to the contralateral breast. The results were categorized as excellent (treated breast nearly identical to untreated breast), good (treated breast slightly different than untreated), fair (treated breast clearly different than untreated), and poor (treated breast seriously distorted).
2-year postoperative
Aesthetic outcome evaluation--Ueda score
Doctor-reported aesthetic outcomes will be evaluated by three professional breast surgeons using the Ueda scale, based on postoperative photographs. Scores range from 0 to 10 points, with higher values indicating better results. The categorized as follows: Excellent (≥9 points), Good (7-8 points), Fair (5-6 points), Poor (≤4 points). Both raw scores and categorizations will be documented
2-year postoperative
Local Recurrence-Free Survival(LRFS)
The time interval from initiation of treatment to the first recurrence at the primary tumor site.If local recurrence appears, record the time and location of recurrence
2-year postoperative and 5-year postoperative
Disease-Free Survival(DFS)
The period from treatment initiation to any disease recurrence (local, regional, or distant) or death.If above event appears, record the time and disease location.
2-year postoperative and 5-year postoperative
Overall Survival(OS)
The time from treatment initiation (or diagnosis) to death from any cause. If death appears, record the time and reason.
2-year postoperative and 5-year postoperative
Participation Assistant
Eligibility Criteria

Eligible Ages
Adult, Older Adult
Minimum Age
18 Years
Eligible Sexes
Female
  • Female patients aged 18-70 years (inclusive);
  • Patients scheduled for unilateral or bilateral reverse-sequence endoscopic nipple-sparing- mastectomy with immediate prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction, with the option of concurrent contralateral endoscopic breast augmentation;
  • Patients with preoperative pathological confirmation of carcinoma in situ, invasive cancer, or those undergoing prophylactic mastectomy;
  • Patients with a maximum tumor diameter≤5 cm (before/after neoadjuvant chemotherapy), and no clinical or radiological evidence of nipple, skin, chest wall invasion, or distant metastasis;
  • BMI < 40 kg/m²;
  • Implant volume < 600 mL;
  • Patients who are able and willing to sign the informed consent form.

  • History of breast surgery within 1 year prior to this operation (excluding VABB and biopsy);
  • Tumor invasion of the skin, pectoralis major muscle, chest wall, or nipple-areola complex;
  • Advanced tumor stage (M1);
  • Breast cancer during pregnancy or lactation;
  • Scars below the nipple level and a history of previous radiotherapy;
  • Patients with severe comorbidities before surgery, poorly controlled diabetes, immunodeficiency, or poor general condition that cannot tolerate surgery;
  • HbA1c > 7.5%;
  • Active smoking history (≥20 cigarettes per day);
  • Intraoperative flap burns, intraoperative nipple excision; postoperative complications such as infection, flap ischemia, or surgical cavity bleeding within 1-4 days after surgery; or other causes leading to incisions on the surface of the breast; patients who undergo nipple excision within 1 month after surgery should be excluded from the study;
  • Currently participating in other clinical studies that may affect participation in this trial.
  • Refusal to sign the informed consent form.
Du Zhenggui logoDu Zhenggui
Study Responsible Party
Du Zhenggui, Sponsor-Investigator, Clinical Professor, West China Hospital
Study Central Contact
Contact: Zhenggui Du, Dr, +86 13880768222, [email protected]
Contact: Tianyuan Li, +86 15510183188, [email protected]
1 Study Locations in 1 Countries

Sichuan

West China Hospital, SiChuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
Zhenggui Du, Dr, Contact, +86 13880768222, [email protected]
Tianyuan Li, Contact, +86 15510183188, [email protected]