Clinical Trial Radar

Change in Salivary Cortisol Concentration

Salivary cortisol concentration will be measured to evaluate the acute endocrine and physiological stress response to different running environments.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Change in Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters, specifically RMSSD and SDNN, will be recorded to assess the acute autonomic nervous system responses and recovery. Both parameters share the exact same unit of measure, which is milliseconds (ms).

Baseline (pre-exercise), immediately post-exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 10 minutes post-exercise, and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Change in Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Blood pressure will be measured in mmHg to evaluate the cardiovascular stress response across different running environments.

Baseline (pre-exercise), immediately post-exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 10 minutes post-exercise, and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Change in Blood Lactate Concentration

Blood lactate will be measured using a portable analyzer to assess metabolic exertion.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and immediately post-exercise.

Inhibitory Control Assessed by the Stroop Task: Reaction Time

The Stroop task measures inhibitory control and cognitive interference. This measure reports the reaction time in milliseconds (ms). Lower reaction times indicate better inhibitory control.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Response Inhibition Assessed by the Go/No-Go Task: Reaction Time

The Go/No-Go task is used to evaluate response inhibition and impulse control. This measure reports the reaction time in milliseconds (ms) for "Go" trials. Lower values indicate faster processing speed.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Change in Heart Rate

Heart rate will be monitored and recorded in beats per minute (bpm) to assess cardiovascular exertion during the intervention and the subsequent recovery rate.

Baseline (pre-exercise), immediately post-exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 10 minutes post-exercise, and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Mood State Assessed by Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) consists of two subscales to measure both positive affect (10 items) and negative affect (10 items) reflecting the past week. Items are rated on a 5-point scale. For the Positive Affect subscale, the minimum possible score is 10 and the maximum possible score is 50, with higher scores indicating higher levels of positive emotions (a better outcome). For the Negative Affect subscale, the minimum possible score is 10 and the maximum possible score is 50, with higher scores indicating higher levels of negative emotions (a worse outcome).

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Change in Exercise Enjoyment Assessed by Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is used to evaluate the participant's subjective enjoyment of the exercise session. The scale consists of 18 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (1=completely disagree, 7=completely agree). The total score ranges from 18 to 126. Higher scores indicate a greater level of exercise enjoyment (a better outcome).

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Habitual Sport Motivation Assessed by Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)

The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) is used to evaluate habitual, long-term motivation toward sports (reflecting on the past year). It consists of 28 items rated on a 7-point scale (1=does not correspond at all, 7=corresponds exactly). The total global score ranges from 28 to 196. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-determined motivation toward sports (a better outcome).

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Attentional Control Assessed by Attentional Control Scale (ACS)

he Attentional Control Scale (ACS) is used to assess the participant's general trait ability to control attention and focus. The scale consists of 20 items rated on a 4-point scale (1=almost never, 4=always). The total score ranges from 20 to 80. Higher scores indicate better attentional control capabilities (a better outcome).

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Perceived Recovery Assessed by Restoration Outcome Scale (ROS)

The Restoration Outcome Scale (ROS) evaluates physical and psychological restoration through 6 items rated on a 5-point scale. The minimum possible total score is 6 and the maximum possible total score is 30. Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived physical and psychological recovery (a better outcome).

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Inhibitory Control Assessed by the Stroop Task: Accuracy

The Stroop task measures inhibitory control and cognitive interference. This measure reports the accuracy as a percentage (%). Higher percentages indicate better cognitive performance and fewer errors.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.

Response Inhibition Assessed by the Go/No-Go Task: Accuracy

The Go/No-Go task is used to evaluate response inhibition and impulse control. This measure reports the accuracy of responses as a percentage (%). Higher percentages indicate better impulse control and fewer false alarms.

Baseline (pre-exercise) and 20 minutes post-exercise.