Radar degli Studi Clinici

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Baseline age ≥ 65 years.
2. Availability of baseline data on serum creatinine and at least one urinary protein measurement.
3. Urinary protein measurements include: UACR, UPCR, 24-hour urine protein quantification, and urine protein dipstick test.
4. Baseline date requirement: Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2025.
5. Follow-up requirement meeting at least one of the following: At least one serum creatinine measurement with an interval of ≥ 6 months after baseline. Occurrence of a primary endpoint event (new-onset CKD).

Exclusion Criteria:

Presence of CKD at baseline, defined as: Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/(min·1.73m²) or positive urine protein; or the presence of an ICD-10 diagnostic code for CKD in medical records.

For Sub-cohort 2 (CKD Patients), the inclusion and exclusion criteria are as follows:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Baseline age ≥ 65 years.
2. Meeting the diagnostic criteria for CKD: Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/(min·1.73m²) or urine protein (UACR ≥ 30 mg/g); or based on ICD-10 codes.
3. Baseline date requirement: Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2025.
4. Follow-up requirement meeting at least one of the following:

Occurrence of a primary endpoint event (mortality, ESRD); At least one serum creatinine measurement with an interval of ≥ 6 months after baseline.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) at baseline (eGFR < 15 ml/(min·1.73m²), or prior receipt of kidney transplant or dialysis), based on ICD codes).
2. Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) within the preceding 3 months.
3. New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure or occurrence of acute myocardial infarction within the preceding 6 months.
4. Child-Pugh Class B or C liver cirrhosis.
5. Malignant neoplasm.