Self-regulation (youth report)

Youth will complete the the Future-oriented Goals scale and Will's Self-Control scale. We will standardize scores from these two measures (mean =0, standard deviation =1) then average them together. We expect assignment to SAAF vs control to be associated with higher scores (more self-regulation).

Two years

Self-regulation (parent report)

Parents will complete a 12 item scale (Humphrey's self control scale) about their youth. Items will be summed ranging from 0-36. We expect assignment to SAAF vs control to be associated with higher scores (more self-regulation).

Two years

Tolerance for Deviance Scale

Youth will complete the Tolerance for Deviance scale. 19 Items are summed, ranging from 0-57. We expect assignment to SAAF vs Control to be associated with lower scores (reductions in risky attitudes).

Two years

Reward-based eating

Youth will complete the 13 items Reward Based Eating Drive scale. Scores range from 13-65. SAAF youth are expected to have lower scores on reward based eating compared to control youth.

Two years

Substance use onset

Lifetime use (yes or no) of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes per youth self-report. We will sum the items to form a composite onset index. We expect youth assigned to SAAF to report less substance use onset than youth assigned to control.

Two years

Past 3 month substance use frequency

Youth complete likert type items assessing alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use in the past 3 months. Items are standardized and summed to form a substance use composite. We expect youth assigned to SAAF to report less substance use than youth assigned to control.

Two years

Unhealthy eating

Youth will complete the Adolescent Food Habits checklist. Items are summed. We expect SAAF youth to engage in less unhealthy eating than control youth.

Two Years

Involved Vigilant Parenting Scale (youth report)

Youth report on the 17 item Involved Vigilant Parenting scale. Items are summed to indicate higher scores on effective parenting, ranging from 17-85. We expect SAAF youth to report more involved vigilant parenting than control youth.

1 year

Involved Vigilant Parenting (parent report)

Parents report on the 17 item Involved Vigilant Parenting scale. Items are summed to indicate higher scores on effective parenting, ranging from 17-85. We expect SAAF parents to report more involved vigilant parenting than control parents.

1 year

Cultural socialization (youth report)

Youth report on the cultural socialization subscale of the Racial Socialization Scale. Five items (range is 5-25) are summed to indicate higher scores on cultural socialization. We expect SAAF youth to report more cultural socialization than control youth.

1 year

Cultural socialization (parent report)

Caregivers report on the cultural socialization subscale of the Racial Socialization Scale. Five items (range is 5-25) are summed to indicate higher scores on cultural socialization. We expect SAAF parents to report more cultural socialization than control parents.

1 year

Communication about Risk Behavior (youth report)

Youth report on Discussion Quality scale. Three items are summed to indicate higher scores on communication (range 0-12). We expect SAAF youth to report more harmonious communication than control youth.

1 year

Communication about risk behavior (parent report)

Parents report on the Discussion Quality scale. Three items are summed to indicate higher scores on communication (range 0-12). We expect SAAF parents to report more harmonious communication than control parents.

1 year

Threat sensitivity via functional MRI assessment

Threat sensitivity is assessed via amygdalar activity during a threat paradigm. We expect assignment to SAAF to be associated with diminished amygdalar reactivity to threat stimuli.

Two years

Executive control assessed via functional MRI assessment

We will use multivariate autoregressive modeling to generate parameter estimates of functional connectivity within cortico-amygdalar and cortico-striatal circuitry during the reward task. We focus on a seed-to-seed association between the orbital frontal cortext (OFC) and the ventral striatum (VS). Here, a positive (i.e., \> 0) parameter estimate reflects strong executive control over the VS during reward processing. Conversely, a negative parameter estimate (i.e., \< 0) suggests the youth is engaging the OFC in a manner that down-regulates sub-cortical reward processing.

Two years

Reward sensitivity via functional MRI assessment

Neural activity associated with processing rewarding stimuli using fMRI data. We predict that assignment to SAAF will reduce deficits in reward sensitivity as assessed by ventral striatum activity during a reward task.

Two years

Peripheral inflammation composite score

Inflammatory signaling is assessed via a composite measure of circulating cytokines (Interleukin \[IL\]-6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor \[TNF\]-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Per past research, we will standardize the values for each biomarker and then sum them to form a composite score ranging from 0-5. A higher score on this composite reflects more low-grade inflammation.

Two years